The Women's Movement and the Politics of Change at a Women's ... by David A. Greene

According to anti-porn theory, heterosexual intercourse is a form of male domination and must be totally altered in a way that it isn't harmful to women.

Anti-porn feminist Robin Morgan put it bluntly: 'Pornography is the theory, rape is the practice'. At that time, pornography had become more readily accessible, and to some feminists, the overtly sexual portrayal of women violated their civil rights and promoted sexual violence. Anti-porn feminism arose in the late 1970s, pioneered by Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin. In the gap between white feminism and black feminism, womanism sought to provide a theoretical bridge by examining society as a universal whole rather than the problems and issues unique to its separate parts. Womanism is one offshoot of black feminism that also developed in the 1970s, coined by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Alice Walker. In response, some black feminists formed their own groups, such as the National Black Feminist Organization and the National Alliance of Black Feminists. The struggle of black feminist Bell Hooks (Gloria Watkins' pseudonym) between choosing to affiliate with the male-led Black Power Movement or the white female-led Women's Liberation Movement exemplifies the philosophies behind black feminism. Since Women's Lib platforms focused solely on gender without the context of race and class, they weren't entirely relevant to all black women. Although the omission wasn't intentional, this fracture spurred the rise of black feminism. The Women's Liberation Movement was criticized by some feminists - both black and white - for its exclusion of nonwhite, working class women. Following the 1920 ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted women voting rights, feminism splintered from purely suffrage-oriented groups. While Suffragettes fought for women's right to vote, feminism includes legal rights, financial independence and the transformation of the relationship between sexes. The use of the word 'feminism' to describe the support for women's rights migrated from France to the United States by 1910. Yet, the first women's rights advocates in the United States might not describe themselves as feminists. Anthony and Sojourner Truth leading the way. From there, the suffrage movement progressed, with women including Susan B. The Declaration of Sentiments, penned by Stanton, outlined the need for equality among men and women, including voting rights. Rallying other socially minded people together to discuss the status of women, Stanton and Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. In 1840, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were denied seats at the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London due to their gender. Anti-slavery and temperance movements sowed the first seeds of feminism in the mid-1800s.

The Women's Movement and the Politics of Change at a Women's ... by David A. Greene